DePatie–Freleng Enterprises, Inc.[lower-alpha 1] (also known as Mirisch-Geoffrey-DePatie-Freleng Productions when involved with the Mirisch brothers and Geoffrey Productions, and DFE Films) was an American animation studio founded by former Warner Bros. Cartoons employees in May 1963, before being acquired by Marvel in 1981 and renamed Marvel Productions. Based in Burbank, California, DFE produced animation for film and television.
Notable among the productions that the studio produced are the opening titles for The Pink Panther (1963), its first, second, and fifth sequels, and an associated series of animated theatrical shorts featuring the Pink Panther character, as well as entries in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series from 1964 to 1967, the Dr. Seuss television specials from 1971 to 1982, the lightsaber effects in the original Star Wars (1977), and the Bod Squad and Time for Timer series of public service announcements for ABC in the mid 1970s.
History[]
Origins[]
DFE was formed by two former employees at Warner Bros. Cartoons, director/composer/producer Friz Freleng and executive David H. DePatie, after Warner Bros. closed its animation studio in May 1963.[1][2] Although Freleng and DePatie were no longer working for Warner Bros., a generous gesture from a Warner executive allowed Freleng and DePatie to lease the former Warner cartoons studio on California Street in Burbank, complete with equipment and supplies for a low rent each year. Although DFE's initial business was in commercials and industrial films, several lucky breaks put the new studio into the theatrical cartoon business.
Director Blake Edwards contacted DFE and asked them to design a panther character for Edwards's new film, The Pink Panther. Pleased with Hawley Pratt’s design for the character, Edwards contracted with DFE to produce the animated titles for the film. Upon the film's release, the titles garnered a tremendous amount of attention, so much that a large amount of the picture's gross is believed to have been generated by the success of DFE's title sequence.[3]
DFE then signed with United Artists to produce a series of animated short subjects featuring the Pink Panther, which included over 100 shorts for both theatrical and television audiences through 1980. Also in 1964, DePatie and Freleng's longtime employer, Warner Bros., contracted with DFE to produce additional new Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoon shorts for theatrical release.[4]
DePatie and Freleng soon found themselves overflowing with work. Many of the animators who had worked at Warner Bros. during the 1950s and 1960s returned to the old Warner cartoon studio to work for DFE. The first entry in the Pink Panther series, The Pink Phink, was directed by Freleng and won the studio its only Academy Award in 1964. In 1966, DFE would receive an Academy Award nomination for The Pink Blueprint.
The Pink Panther Show and others[]
The Pink Panther theatrical animated shorts became the basis of a Saturday-morning cartoon, The Pink Panther Show, on September 6, 1969; the show also included theatrical animated shorts of The Inspector (introduced in 1966)[5] and eventually The Ant and the Aardvark, Roland and Rattfink (introduced in 1968),[6] and The Texas Toads (Tijuana Toads). Like most animated television cartoons at the time, The Pink Panther Show contained a laugh track with narration. The cartoons were edited and in some cases re-dubbed to meet television standards and practices for content.[7]
The Pink Panther Show had several incarnations during the 1970s. The show was popular on NBC's Saturday morning line-up, starting as a half-hour program and expanding a few years later to 90 minutes each week. The studio provided the animated sequences for the 1969–1970 television series My World and Welcome to It, based on the drawings of James Thurber. DFE was one of the subcontractors for the 1964–1967 Warner Bros. cartoons, along with Format Productions.
The Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies shorts made by the studio can be easily identified by their modernized "Abstract WB" opening and closing sequences (although the "Abstract WB" opening and closing sequences were first used in three cartoons made by Warner Bros. Cartoons). However, select 1964–1967 DePatie–Freleng Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were panned by fans and critics alike, with some of the harshest judgements made against cartoons directed by Rudy Larriva.[8] The contract would eventually expire in May 1966 afterwards to set up a new version of the cartoon studio for Warner Bros. by William L. Hendricks.[9][10] After early 1967, DFE did not continue doing Warner cartoon work until the late 1970s/early 1980s, with the television specials Bugs Bunny's Easter Special (1977), Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales (1979), and Daffy Duck's Easter Egg-Citement (1980).
DFE also produced Return to the Planet of the Apes, which ran on NBC from September 6 to November 29, 1975, and The Oddball Couple, which ran on Saturday mornings on ABC from September 6 to December 20, 1975. One of the studio's television specials was The Bear Who Slept Through Christmas (1973), with Tommy Smothers voicing the little bear who goes out to find Christmas (in the human world) while his fellow bears head for hibernation. DFE was also responsible for a number of Dr. Seuss specials, including The Cat in the Hat and different incarnations of the Grinch.
Sale to Marvel and post-history[]
In 1981, Freleng and DePatie sold DFE Films to Marvel Comics, and Freleng returned to Warner Bros. Animation, which Warner Bros. had re-opened the previous year, to produce a series of feature films featuring vintage Warner cartoons with new connecting footage. DePatie made the transition to become the head of Marvel Productions, the newly renamed DFE.[11] In March 1982, DePatie announced that the company had started producing animated programs.[12] The DePatie-Freleng name was later revived in name only in 1984 for Pink Panther and Sons, which was entirely produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions.
Although Marvel produced mainly superhero cartoons and animated series based on licensed toy lines (including Hasbro properties), it continued to produce new productions starring the Pink Panther (a special for television Pink at First Sight and motion picture titles for Trail of the Pink Panther and Curse of the Pink Panther). Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation would later revive The Pink Panther TV series in 1993 as a joint venture between MGM, Mirisch-Geoffrey-DePatie-Freleng and United Artists, a decade after DFE's merger with Marvel and Mirisch/UA's merger into MGM.
In 1993, Marvel Productions was renamed to New World Animation; after News Corporation purchased New World Entertainment in 1996, New World Animation was absorbed into Saban Entertainment, ending the life of the studio that once was DFE. Marvel would continue to produce animated shows through a partnership with Saban, which had recently acquired a 50% stake in Fox Kids. In 2001, The Walt Disney Company acquired Saban as part of its purchase of Fox Family Worldwide.
Subsequent ownership[]
In 2009, The Walt Disney Company purchased Marvel Entertainment, putting DFE's original and Marvel Comics-based programs under the ownership of the same corporation; all of the associated shows are now distributed by Disney–ABC Domestic Television. The Dr. Seuss specials animated by DFE are currently distributed by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment through Dr. Seuss Enterprises and CBS Media Ventures.
While the television catalog has often changed hands over the years, the theatrical cartoons continue to be owned by their original distributors: United Artists (via its current corporate parent, Amazon MGM Studios) for The Mirisch Company cartoon library, and Warner Bros. for the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cartoons.
Former Warner Bros. Cartoons employees at DePatie–Freleng[]
In the beginning, DePatie–Freleng had virtually the same facilities, personnel and producer as the former Warner Bros. Cartoons. Although Chuck Jones later worked with DePatie–Freleng on The Cat in the Hat, Jones and most of his group of artists ended up at Sib Tower 12 Productions. Jones independently produced new Tom and Jerry cartoons for MGM.
Although many DePatie–Freleng employees contributed greatly to the success of its product, story artist and Disney and Warner alumnus John W. Dunn created most of its cartoon series, both for theatrical release and for television. These series included The Ant and the Aardvark, Tijuana Toads, Here Comes the Grump, and Roland and Rattfink, among others.
Many of the DFE cartoons were written and storyboarded by Dunn, including the first Pink Panther cartoon, The Pink Phink. Dunn's drawing style was used in other DFE cartoons as well.
Filmography[]
In a short time, DFE began producing television shows as well as theatricals and specials, becoming a competitor to Hanna-Barbera and Filmation. The studio's various cartoons, specials and shows are listed below.
Theatrical series[]
Original series
| Title | Years | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| The Pink Panther | 1964–1980 | The 1978–1980 cartoons were originally broadcast on TV before they were screened in theaters. |
| The Inspector | 1965–1969 | |
| Roland and Rattfink | 1968–1971 | |
| The Ant and the Aardvark | 1969–1971 | |
| Tijuana Toads | 1969–1972 | Renamed “Texas Toads” for television in 1976. |
| The Blue Racer | 1972–1974 | |
| Hoot Kloot | 1973–1974 | |
| The Dogfather | 1974–1976 |
Commissioned series
- Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies (for Warner Bros., 1964–1967)[4]
TV series[]
| Title | Years | Network | Notes | Episodes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Super 6 | 1966–1967 | NBC | Co-production with Mirisch-Rich Television Productions | 20 |
| Super President | 1967–1968 | 15 | ||
| Here Comes the Grump | 1969–1970 | Co-production with The Mirisch Company | 17 | |
| The Pink Panther Show * Misterjaw (shorts; 1976) * Crazylegs Crane (shorts; 1978) |
1969–1980 | NBC/ABC | Co-production with United Artists Television and Mirisch Films | 190 |
| Doctor Dolittle | 1970–1971 | NBC | Co-production with 20th Century-Fox Television | 17 |
| The Barkleys | 1972–1973 | Distributed by Viacom Enterprises | 13 | |
| The Houndcats | 1972–1974 | |||
| Bailey's Comets | 1973–1975 | CBS | 16 | |
| The Oddball Couple | 1975–1977 | ABC | Distributed by Viacom Enterprises | |
| Return to the Planet of the Apes | 1975–1976 | NBC | Co-production with 20th Century-Fox Television | 13 |
| Baggy Pants and the Nitwits | 1977–1978 | |||
| What's New, Mr. Magoo? | 1977–1979 | CBS | Co-production with United Productions of America | 16 |
| The New Fantastic Four | 1978 | NBC | Co-production with Marvel Comics Animation | 13 |
| Spider-Woman | 1979–1980 | ABC | 16 |
Commissioned series
- Sesame Street ("The Pink Panther karate-chops a K") (for Children's Television Workshop) (1970)
- Doctor Snuggles (episodes 8-13) (for Polyscope Productions, with Topcraft) (1979)
TV specials[]
| Air date | Title | Network | Property | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 31, 1970 | Goldilocks | NBC | Bing Crosby | Live-action and animated co-production with the Sherman Brothers |
| March 10, 1971 | The Cat in the Hat | CBS | Dr. Seuss | |
| February 14, 1972 | The Lorax | |||
| November 12, 1972 | Clerow Wilson and the Miracle of P.S. 14 | NBC | Clerow Wilson | Starring comedian Flip Wilson; many of his characters appear in the special, including Geraldine Jones and Reverend Leroy |
| January 6, 1973 | Luvcast U.S.A. | ABC | One-shot | Episode of The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie |
| February 7, 1973 | The Incredible, Indelible, Magical, Physical Mystery Trip | An ABC Afterschool Special | ||
| October 15, 1973 | Dr. Seuss on the Loose | CBS | Dr. Seuss | |
| December 17, 1973 | The Bear Who Slept Through Christmas | NBC | One-Shot | Currently owned by Lionsgate |
| April 3, 1974 | Clerow Wilson's Great Escape | Clerow Wilson | Sequel to Clerow Wilson and the Miracle of P.S. 14 | |
| May 15, 1974 | The Magical Mystery Trip Through Little Red's Head | ABC | One-Shot | An ABC Afterschool Special, also a sequel to The Incredible, Indelible, Magical, Physical Mystery Trip |
| February 19, 1975 | The Hoober-Bloob Highway | CBS | Dr. Seuss | |
| December 14, 1975 | The Tiny Tree | NBC | One-Shot | |
| February 16, 1977 | My Mom's Having a Baby | ABC | An ABC Afterschool Special | |
| October 29, 1977 | Halloween Is Grinch Night | Dr. Seuss | ||
| February 1, 1978 | Michel's Mixed-Up Musical Bird | One-Shot | An ABC Afterschool Special | |
| December 7, 1978 | The Pink Panther in: A Pink Christmas | Pink Panther | ||
| February 22, 1980 | The Pink Panther in: Olym-Pinks | |||
| March 5, 1980 | Where Do Teenagers Come From? | One-Shot | An ABC Afterschool Special | |
| May 2, 1980 | Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You? | Dr. Seuss | ||
| May 8, 1981 | Dennis the Menace in Mayday for Mother | NBC | Dennis the Menace | |
| May 10, 1981 | The Pink Panther in: Pink at First Sight | ABC | Pink Panther | Production finished by Marvel Productions |
| May 20, 1982 | The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat | Dr. Seuss |
Commissioned specials
| Air date | Title | Network | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| April 7, 1977 | Bugs Bunny's Easter Special | CBS | for Warner Bros. |
| November 27, 1979 | Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales | ||
| April 1, 1980 | Daffy Duck's Easter Show | NBC |
Commercials[]
- Apple Jacks (1965)
- Mr. Wiggle (1966)
- United Artists (1968)
- Pink Panther Flakes (1972)
- The Bod Squad (1974/1977)
- Time for Timer (1975)
- Charlie the Tuna
- Little Caesars
Film and television title design[]
Pink Panther series
- The Pink Panther (1963)
- A Shot in the Dark (sub-contracted to George Dunning & Associates, 1964)
- Inspector Clouseau (sub-contracted to TVC London, 1968)
- Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978)
- Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) (production finished at Marvel Productions)
- Curse of the Pink Panther (1983) (production finished at Marvel Productions)
Other films
- The Dead Ringer (1964)
- The Best Man (1964) (Special effects)
- Sex and the Single Girl (1964)
- How to Murder Your Wife (1965) (Special effects)
- Love Has Many Faces (1965)
- The Satan Bug (1965)
- the maps used in The Hallelujah Trail (1965)
- The Art of Love (1965)
- The Great Race (1965)
- Do Not Disturb (1965)
- The Trouble with Angels (1966)
- the animated films parodying the Bell Telephone films in The President's Analyst (1967)
- With Six You Get Eggroll (1968)
- Star Wars (1977) (special effects)
- Capricorn One (1978) (special effects)
Other TV series
- Rawhide (TV series, 1965) (season 8)
- The Wild Wild West (TV series, 1965-1969)
- I Dream of Jeannie (TV series, 1965–1970)
- My World and Welcome to It (TV series, 1969–1971)
References[]
Notes
- ↑ /dəˈpæti ˈfriːləŋ/
Citations
- ↑ Bingen, Steven (2014). Warner Bros.: Hollywood's Ultimate Backlot. Taylor Trade Publishing, page 110. ISBN 9781589799622.
- ↑ Beck 2005, p. 12.
- ↑ Tracking the Many Sides of The Pink Panther
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Baking the Baker: David H. DePatie interview, part 1" (19 December 2010).
- ↑ Beck 2005, p. 32.
- ↑ Beck 2005, p. 40.
- ↑ Beck 2005, p. 44.
- ↑ "Misce-Looney-Ous: That Wasn't All, Folks!: Warner Bros. Cartoons 1964-1969", intanibase.com/Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.
- ↑ "Warner Bros. new unit has TV products in plans" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 23, 1966. p. 61. Retrieved October 24, 2025.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.
- ↑ "Warner Bros. new unit has TV products in plans" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 23, 1966. p. 61. Retrieved October 24, 2025.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.
- ↑ Johnson, Derek (2013). Media Franchising: Creative License and Collaboration in the Culture Industries. NYU Press, page 81–82. ISBN 9780814743898.
- ↑ "Animated shows in works" (PDF). UPI. The Citizen. 1982-03-12. Retrieved 2023-02-21.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.
Bibliography
- Arnold, Mark (2015). Think Pink! The DePatie-Freleng Story. BearManor Media. ISBN 9781593931698.
- Beck, Jerry (2005). Pink Panther : the ultimate guide to the coolest cat in town. ISBN 0-7566-1033-8.
External links[]
Template:Walt Disney Television Template:BVS Entertainment Template:DePatie-Freleng Enterprises Template:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Cartoons Template:Pink Panther
Template:Animation industry in the United States